短信证据效力的认定/徐秀红

作者:法律资料网 时间:2024-05-14 01:14:24   浏览:8886   来源:法律资料网
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短信犯罪是近几年才出现的新事物,短信证据也是证据法领域的新课题。要惩治短信犯罪,必须确立短信的证据效力。目前在我国司法实务中,对短信的证据资格一般持肯定态度,认为短信应当作为证据,具有证据资格。但是,对短信的证据种类,在案件中的证明力和短信证据的收集等问题争议很大。所以,在立法上,应当尽快明确短信证据的证据资格,规定短信的证据规则、短信证据的合法收集程序等,使打击短信犯罪更加有程序法上的依据。

建立切实有效的短信监控机制。现有的短信传送都采用“存储转发”的传输机制。所谓“存储转发”机制,是指一条短信在传输的过程中,必须经过交换服务器。由该服务器决定该条短信被存储或被立刻转发至目的地。因此,短信的完整传送过程是由发送人发送短信至服务器,再由服务器将短信转发至接收用户。一般来说,发送到服务器的短信,如果接收用户在服务区或在待机状态,服务器便自动转发;如果接收用户在服务区外或者关机,服务器会先将短信储存,一旦接收用户回归服务区或重新开机再转发。因此,对短信进行监控,一般只能集中在短信发送到服务器这一阶段。但是目前利用技术监控的内容,只能识别信号的传输质量,而无法识别以及过滤信号的内容。如果要精确判断短信的内容,只能靠人工截留特定的短信,再通过人工翻译审查。这种方法面对巨大的信息发送量是无能为力的。现在实践中只能是在违法信息造成重大影响后再进行追查。因此,有必要建立切实可行的事前预防机制,将短信犯罪防患于未然。例如,可以对短信流量突然增多,短信群发数量超乎寻常的手机或平台的短信内容进行抽检,防止其传播有害信息。也可以由特定的国家机关建立信息监测系统,对移动网络发送的短信实施“关键词”过滤,包含有特定信息的,可能是危及国家安全、有欺诈嫌疑等短信犯罪的,比如说有“六合彩”等字眼的,可以要求运营商将其拦截进行人工判别,以预防短信犯罪。

(作者单位:湖北工程学院政法学院)
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国务院办公厅关于成立国务院勘界工作领导小组的通知

国务院办公厅


国务院办公厅关于成立国务院勘界工作领导小组的通知
国务院办公厅



各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府,国务院各部委、各直属机构:
为实施国家有效行政管理,从根本上解决边界争议,维护社会稳定,促进经济发展,国务院决定自1996年开始在全国开展勘定省、县两级行政区域界线工作。为了加强对勘界工作的领导,经国务院领导同志批准,决定成立国务院勘界工作领导小组。现将有关事项通知如下:
一、国务院勘界工作领导小组的主要职责
国务院勘界工作领导小组是国务院领导下的主管全国勘界工作的议事协调机构,其主要职责是:
(一)研究制定全国勘界工作的方针、政策,研究和代拟有关法规稿。
(二)组织、部署全国勘界工作。
(三)协调处理勘界工作中的重大问题,代表国务院行使省际边界争议裁决权。
(四)承办国务院交办的其他工作。
二、国务院勘界工作领导小组的组成
组 长:李贵鲜(国务委员)
副组长:多吉才让(民政部部长)
刘济民(国务院副秘书长)
成 员:图道多吉(国家民委副主任)
牟新生(公安部副部长)
李宝库(民政部副部长)
张文岳(地质矿产部副部长)
严克强(水利部副部长)
刘于鹤(林业部副部长)
马克伟(国家土地管理局副局长)
陈炳鑫(国家海洋局副局长)
金祥文(国家测绘局局长)
三、国务院勘界工作领导的办理机构
国务院勘界工作领导小组下设办公室。办公室的主要职责是:指导、督促省级勘界工作的实施;处理勘界工作中的政策性、技术性问题;审定各省、自治区、直辖市关于县级勘界工作的政策、规定和实施方案;核省(自治区、直辖市)人民政府上报国务院的勘界文件;负责全国省级行
政区域界线详图及全国行政区划图的编制工作;负责勘界的其他日常工作。办公室设在民政部。办公室主任由民政部副部长李宝库兼任。
今后国务院勘界工作领导小组成员单位如调整成员,由所在单位与领导小组办公室商量后,报领导小组组长批准。



1995年11月7日

中华人民共和国海关对加工贸易保税工厂的管理办法(附英文)

海关总署


中华人民共和国海关对加工贸易保税工厂的管理办法(附英文)

1988年4月6日,海关总署

第一条 为了适应对外经济贸易发展的需要,鼓励和促进加工贸易的开展,根据《中华人民共和国海关法》,特制定本办法。
第二条 经海关特准专为生产出口产品进行保税加工的企业为加工贸易保税工厂(以下简称保税工厂)。
第三条 保税工厂进口的货物属海关保税货物,自进口之日起至全部出口之日止受海关监管。未经海关许可,不得出售、转让、调换或移作他用。
第四条 凡经国家批准有权经营进出口业务的企业或具有法人资格的承接进口料、件加工复出口的出口生产企业(以下统称经营加工单位),均可向主管地海关申请建立保税工厂。
第五条 建立保税工厂,须具备以下条件:
1.具有专门加工、制造出口产品的设施;
2.拥有专门贮存、堆放进口货物和出口成品的仓库;
3.建立专门记录出口产品生产、销售、库存等情况的帐册;
4.有专人管理保税货物、仓库和帐册。
具备上述条件的经营加工单位,经提交《加工贸易保税工厂申请书》向海关申请,经海关实地勘查批准后,发给《加工贸易保税工厂登记证书》,并在核发的登记手册上加盖加工贸易保税工厂戳记,始准进行保税加工。
第六条 保税工厂为外商加工、装配成品和为制造出口产品而进口的原料、材料、元器件、零部件、配套件、辅料、包装物料和加工过程中直接消耗的数量合理的化学物品(以下简称料、件),准予缓办进口纳税手续,按实际加工出口成品所耗用的进口料、件免征关税及产品(增值)税或工商统一税。
第七条 保税工厂进口的料、件的登记备案和核销,按对来料加工或进料加工管理的有关规定办理。
第八条 保税工厂进口料、件和出口成品时,由经营人或其代理人填写专用进出口货物报关单一式四份,并在右上角加盖“保税工厂货物”戳记,随附有关单证和来料加工或进料加工登记手册,向进出境地海关报关。经海关审核后,将其中一份寄送主管海关,另一份由海关签印后,退回申报人交保税工厂留存备查。
第九条 有关经营加工单位必须于每季度第一个月十五日前将上一季度进口的原材料储存保管、使用加工、加工成品库存和成品出口以及特准内销等情况,列表报送主管海关核查。
保税工厂如将进口料、件同国产原材料混合加工时,必须如实向海关报明投入进口料、件的比例和数(重)量。
第十条 海关认为必要时,可派关员驻厂或随时派遣关员对保税工厂的料、件、成品的库存、出口情况和单据、帐册等进行监督检查,保税工厂应按规定提供办公场所和食宿方便。
如保税工厂要求海关派员到工厂办理验放手续,可向主管海关提出申请,并照章交纳规费。
第十一条 保税工厂在失去海关严密监管条件时或者有违反海关规定的行为,海关可随时吊销其保税工厂证书,并对其发生的违反海关规定行为,按《中华人民共和国海关法》进行处理。
第十二条 本规定自一九八八年五月一日起施行。

Administrative Rules of the Customs of the People's Republic ofChina Concerning the Bonded Factory of Processing Trade

(Promulgated by the General Administration of Customs of thePeople's Republic of China on April 6, 1988)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
The present rules are formulated in order to meet the need of the
development of foreign economic relations and trade, encourage and promote
the development of processing trade in accordance with the Customs Law of
the People's Republic of China.
Article 2
Enterprises specially permitted by the Customs to conduct the bonded
processing for producing export products are the bonded factories of
processing trade (hereinafter referred to as the bonded factory).
Article 3
The goods imported by the bonded factory are the bonded goods of the
Customs and shall be under the Customs supervision and control from the
date of import to the date of total export and shall not be sold,
transferred, exchanged and shifted to other uses without the permission of
the Customs.
Article 4
The enterprises which have the right to conduct the import and export
businesses with the permission of the State or the export-production
enterprises with the legal personalities to conduct the businesses of
processing imported materials and components for re-export (hereinafter
referred to as the processing unit), may apply to the local competent
Customs for setting up the bonded factories.
Article 5
Setting up the bonded factory shall have the following conditions:
1. Having special facilities for processing and manufacturing export
products;
2. Having warehouse specially for storing and piling up imported
goods and export products;
3. Establishing account books specially for recording the production,
sale, storage and other matters;
4. Having full-time persons for managing the bonded goods, warehouse
and account books;
The processing unit having the above conditions shall submit the
"Application For the bonded Factory of Processing Trade" and apply to the
Customs. After on-the-spot investigation and approval by the Customs, the
"Registration Certificate For Bonded Factory of Processing Trade" shall be
issued and given with the stamp of the bonded factory of processing trade
on it, and then the bonded processing shall be permitted.
Article 6
The raw materials, materials, components, spareparts, set elements,
supplementary materials, packaging materials and chemicals of appropriate
dosage consumed in the direct processing procedure (hereinafter referred
to as the materials and components) imported by the bonded factory to
process, assemble products and manufacture export products for foreign
businessmen shall be permitted to postpone the formalities of import duty
and be exempted from the Customs duties, product (value added) tax and
consolidated industrial and commercial tax according to the actual amount
of the imported materials and components consumed in processing export
products.
Article 7
The registration on file and conciliation after verification of the
imported materials and components of the bonded factory shall be dealt
with in accordance with the relevant rules concerning the administration
of processing imported materials and buyer-supplied materials.
Article 8
When the bonded factory imports the materials and components or
exports products, the operator or his agent shall fill in special
declaration of import and export goods in quadruplicate with the stamps of
"The Goods of the Bonded Factory" on the right above of each copy, and
together with relevant documents and the registration manual of processing
imported materials and buyer-supplied materials and declare to the Customs
at which the goods will enter or leave the territory. After examination by
the Customs, one copy of the declaration certificates shall be sent to the
competent Customs, and another copy together with the stamp of the Customs
shall be returned to the declarer for the bonded factory's records.
Article 9
The relevant processing unit shall list storage and processing of
imported materials, storage and export of products and domestic sales of
products under special permission of last quarter into forms and report
before 15th of the first month of each quarter to the competent Customs
for verification.
In case the imported materials and components will be mixed with
domestic materials for processing, the bonded factory shall report
accurately to the Customs the ratio and quantity of consumed imported
materials and components.
Article 10
When considering necessary, the Customs may sent Customs officer to
station in the bonded factory or send Customs officer at any time to
supervise and check the storage and export of the materials, components
and products and documents and account books. The bonded factory shall
render office and necessary convenience according to the regulations.
When the bonded factory requests the Customs officer to come to the
factory to accomplish formalities of examination and release, the factory
shall apply to the Customs in charge and pay fees according to the
regulations.
Article 11
When the bonded factory is out of the Customs' supervision and
control or has conducts violating the Customs regulations, the Customs can
at any time revoke his certificate of the bonded factory, and deal with
the conducts violating the Customs regulations in accordance with the
Customs Law of the People's Republic of China.
Article 12
The present Rules shall enter into force on May 1, 1988.